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Category: CLAT PG

  • Legal Current Affairs October 2026 with 10 Practice MCQs

    Legal Current Affairs October 2026 with 10 Practice MCQs

    Last updated: 18 October 2026

    Short answer: The first half of October 2026 was busy for legal news. Three High Court Chief Justices joined the Supreme Court on 6 October, taking its working strength to 37; a seven judge bench closed a reference on legislative privilege and press freedom that arose from a 2003 case; the Court declared the right to access the internet a fundamental right, including for children; and it ruled on election petitions, Hindu women’s property, temple land, mid course fee hikes and sections 163 and 172 of the BNSS. Below are 20 developments from 1 to 17 October 2026, each checked against reports of the order, followed by 10 practice MCQs with answers.

    Judiciary and constitutional law

    1. Three new Supreme Court judges (6 October). Justices Sunita Agarwal (Chief Justice, Gujarat High Court), Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya (Chief Justice, Delhi High Court) and Aparesh Kumar Singh (Chief Justice, Telangana High Court) took oath before Chief Justice Surya Kant. The Court’s working strength rose to 37 against a sanctioned strength of 38, and it now has three women judges.

    2. Legislative privilege reference closed (6 October). A seven judge bench disposed of N. Ravi v. Speaker, Legislative Assembly, Chennai as infructuous, recording that the 2003 Tamil Nadu Assembly resolution against journalists of The Hindu had been withdrawn in 2004. The questions on Article 194(3) versus Articles 19(1)(a) and 21 were left open for a future case.

    3. Internet access is a fundamental right (reported 17 October). In Just Rights for Children Alliance v. S. Harish, a bench of Justices J.B. Pardiwala and K. Vinod Chandran held that the right to access and use the internet flows from Article 21 read with Article 19(1)(a) and extends to children. Blanket bans on children’s access were called disproportionate, though age based safeguards and blocking of harmful content remain open to the Union.

    4. National database of child abuse material (same order). The Union was directed to create a database of hash values and URLs of confirmed child sexual exploitation and abuse material, verified by at least three trained analysts, so that platforms can remove it everywhere. Intermediaries must report such material to Indian police, not only to foreign bodies. The next hearing is on 10 December 2026.

    5. Women’s safety in Delhi NCR (5 October). In a suo motu case on recent rape incidents, a bench of Justices Pardiwala and Vinod Chandran directed enhanced beat patrolling, strict verification of cab and bus drivers and real time monitoring through command centres, while cautioning that preventive policing cannot justify arbitrary action.

    6. Section 163 and section 172 BNSS (15 October). A bench of the Chief Justice and Justice Joymalya Bagchi refused to examine the validity of section 163 BNSS, the successor of section 144 CrPC, noting that section 144 was upheld in Babulal Parate (1961). It issued notice on a challenge to section 172 BNSS, which lets police detain a person who disregards lawful directions, and listed the matter on 19 November.

    7. Andhra Pradesh local body quota (9 October). Justices Dipankar Datta and Sheel Nagu dismissed the State’s appeal against the High Court ruling that quashed 34 per cent reservation for Backward Classes in local body elections. The High Court had found that total reservation crossed the 50 per cent ceiling of Indra Sawhney without reliable data.

    Criminal law and evidence

    8. Ahmedabad blasts: execution stayed (1 October). A bench of Justices Vikram Nath, Sandeep Mehta and Augustine George Masih stayed the death sentence of one of the 38 convicts in the 2008 Ahmedabad serial blasts case while hearing his appeal. The Gujarat High Court had confirmed all 38 death sentences in July 2026.

    9. Demand is essential for bribery (5 October). In Ajit Kumar v. State of Jharkhand (2026 INSC 1084), Justices Ujjal Bhuyan and Atul S. Chandurkar set aside a conviction under sections 7 and 13 of the Prevention of Corruption Act because the demand for a bribe was not proved by more than the complainant’s uncorroborated word.

    10. Civil disputes dressed as crimes (5 October). In Sudha Rakesh v. State of Karnataka (2026 INSC 1086), the Court quashed a cheating case over a land sale and called the habit of turning civil disputes into criminal complaints an “open secret” that courts must check.

    11. Courts must compare handwriting themselves (reported 6 October). In Gopal Pathak v. Nitin, Justices Ahsanuddin Amanullah and Manmohan held that under section 72 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam a court must compare disputed signatures itself, and may call a handwriting expert only when it has real doubt or the writing is unclear.

    12. Anticipatory bail directly from the High Court (judgment reserved, reported 8 October). A bench of Justices Vikram Nath, Sandeep Mehta and Aparesh Kumar Singh reserved judgment on whether a person may approach the High Court directly under section 482 BNSS (section 438 CrPC) without first going to the Sessions Court. The bench indicated that the Sessions Court should ordinarily be the first stop.

    13. Vacation and listing dates (16 October). In Senior Intelligence Officer v. Mohammed Kamran, Justices Datta and Nagu held that when a High Court directs listing “two weeks hence” and the period ends during vacation, the Registry should ordinarily exclude the vacation days, subject to the High Court’s rules.

    Want the whole year in one place? The Lexfolio Legal Current Affairs 2026 compilation brings the year’s key judgments and legal developments together month by month, with practice MCQs.

    Civil, family, election and commercial law

    14. Election petitions must be presented personally (7 October). In V. Pon. Paneerselvam v. S. Regupathy (2026 INSC 1092), the Court held that section 81 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 requires the petitioner to present the election petition himself, so a petition filed through counsel was not maintainable.

    15. Overlapping contracts and arbitration (8 October). In Shubham Equipment v. Rothwell Water Company (2026 INSC 1098), a bench led by the Chief Justice held that an overlap between disputes under a joint venture agreement and a separate licence agreement is no ground to refuse a section 11 reference at the threshold, and appointed a sole arbitrator.

    16. Hindu widow’s limited estate (9 October). In Sultan Singh v. Financial Commissioner, GNCT of Delhi (2026 INSC 1107), the Court reiterated that section 14(1) of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 converts a female Hindu’s limited estate into absolute ownership, describing it as a measure against gender discrimination in inheritance.

    17. State cannot accept gift of temple land (reported 17 October). In K. Ramalingam v. Government of Tamil Nadu, Justices P.S. Narasimha and Alok Aradhe declared void a gift of temple inam land to the State for a taluk office. The State is only a custodian of temple property, and section 41 of the Tamil Nadu HR&CE Act, 1959 bars such gifts; enhanced rent was ordered instead.

    Education, health and service law

    18. Law student attendance (judgment reserved, 6 October). Justices Vikram Nath, Sandeep Mehta and Augustine George Masih reserved judgment on appeals by the Bar Council of India and NMIMS against a November 2025 Delhi High Court ruling that law students cannot be barred from exams only for shortage of attendance. A key paragraph of that ruling has been stayed since 26 May 2026.

    19. No mid course fee hikes (reported 15 October). In Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College v. State of West Bengal, Justices Narasimha and Aradhe held that fees for professional courses should be fixed for the whole course before admission, and may change midway only in exceptional cases such as a sudden, unforeseen rise in costs.

    20. Pharma marketing to doctors (8 October). In a petition by medical representatives’ associations, Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta directed the Union to form a committee to recommend statutory regulation of pharmaceutical marketing within two months of its first meeting. The non statutory Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices, 2024 continues until then; the case returns on 29 January 2027.

    10 practice MCQs with answers

    Q1. After the oath of three judges on 6 October 2026, the working strength of the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice, is:
    (a) 34 (b) 35 (c) 37 (d) 38
    Answer: (c). The working strength rose to 37 against a sanctioned strength of 38.

    Q2. Section 163 of the BNSS corresponds to which provision of the CrPC?
    (a) Section 107 (b) Section 133 (c) Section 144 (d) Section 151
    Answer: (c). Section 144 CrPC, upheld in Babulal Parate (1961), was the basis for the Court declining to examine section 163.

    Q3. The reference closed on 6 October 2026 in N. Ravi v. Speaker concerned the interplay of Articles 19(1)(a) and 21 with:
    (a) Article 105(3) (b) Article 194(3) (c) Article 212 (d) Article 361
    Answer: (b). Article 194(3) deals with the powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures.

    Q4. In October 2026 the Supreme Court declared the right to access the internet a fundamental right under:
    (a) Article 19(1)(g) alone (b) Article 21 read with Article 19(1)(a) (c) Article 21A alone (d) Article 51A
    Answer: (b).

    Q5. Under section 81 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, as read in V. Pon. Paneerselvam, an election petition must be presented by:
    (a) any advocate on record (b) the petitioner himself (c) the Election Commission (d) any elector of the constituency
    Answer: (b).

    Q6. Section 14(1) of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956:
    (a) gives daughters coparcenary rights by birth (b) makes a female Hindu’s limited estate absolute (c) disqualifies remarried widows (d) governs succession to agricultural tenancies only
    Answer: (b). Coparcenary rights for daughters are in section 6, as amended in 2005.

    Q7. The Andhra Pradesh High Court ruling left in place by the Supreme Court on 9 October 2026 found that local body reservation breached the ceiling laid down in:
    (a) M. Nagaraj (b) Indra Sawhney (c) Jarnail Singh (d) K. Krishna Murthy
    Answer: (b). Indra Sawhney (1992) fixed the 50 per cent ceiling.

    Q8. In Ajit Kumar v. State of Jharkhand (October 2026), the conviction under sections 7 and 13 of the Prevention of Corruption Act failed mainly because:
    (a) sanction was invalid (b) the trap was not recorded on video (c) demand of bribe was not proved (d) the complainant turned hostile
    Answer: (c).

    Q9. The provision of the BNSS that corresponds to section 438 CrPC (anticipatory bail) is:
    (a) Section 480 (b) Section 482 (c) Section 483 (d) Section 528
    Answer: (b). Section 528 BNSS is the successor of section 482 CrPC (inherent powers), a common trap.

    Q10. In Gopal Pathak v. Nitin, the Court held that in a handwriting dispute under section 72 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam:
    (a) expert opinion is mandatory (b) the court must compare the writing itself and call an expert only if in doubt (c) only a forensic laboratory can decide (d) the burden always lies on the defendant
    Answer: (b).

    For the larger picture of 2026, read our list of 30 important Supreme Court judgments for CLAT PG 2027, and plan your remaining weeks with our last 50 days strategy.

    Revise current affairs the quick way. Legal Current Affairs 2026 gathers the year’s key legal developments in short, exam ready notes with MCQs, in a printable PDF.

    Frequently asked questions

    How much legal current affairs is asked in CLAT PG?

    CLAT PG has no separate current affairs section. Recent developments matter because passages are drawn from judgments and statutes, and questions may ask about related rulings.

    Which period of current affairs should I cover for CLAT PG 2027?

    Cover roughly the twelve months before the exam, with extra attention to major constitutional and criminal law rulings from 2026.

    Are reserved judgments worth noting?

    Yes, briefly. If the judgment is delivered before the exam, it may become a passage. Note the question involved and the bench, and update your notes when the ruling comes.

    *This article is general information, not legal advice.*

  • CLAT PG Preparation Strategy: Last 50 Days Study Plan

    CLAT PG Preparation Strategy: Last 50 Days Study Plan

    Last updated: 18 October 2026

    Short answer: From 18 October 2026 there are exactly 49 days to CLAT 2027 on Sunday, 6 December 2026. Use them in three phases: weeks 1 to 3 to close gaps subject by subject while taking one or two mocks a week, weeks 4 to 6 to take three timed mocks a week and analyse each one properly, and week 7 to revise from your own short notes and rest. Read judgments for structure, not for detail, keep an error log, and do not guess blindly: each wrong answer costs 0.25 marks. Finish your CLAT application before 31 October 2026.

    What you are preparing for

    The CLAT PG paper has 120 objective questions in a single section, to be done in 120 minutes, with 1 mark for each correct answer and minus 0.25 for each wrong one. The questions are set on extracts from judgments, statutes and regulations across thirteen subjects: Constitutional Law, Jurisprudence, Administrative Law, Contract, Torts, Family Law, Criminal Law, Property Law, Company Law, Public International Law, Tax Law, Environmental Law, and Labour and Industrial Law. Full details are in our guide to the CLAT PG 2027 exam pattern and syllabus.

    Two things follow. First, speed of reading legal text matters as much as knowledge, because you get about one minute per question including the passage. Second, many questions go beyond the passage and ask about a related case or provision, so you still need subject knowledge. The plan below trains both.

    The 7 week study plan

    The plan assumes about six hours of study a day. If you are working or in your final LL.B. year, keep the order but cut the volume, and never cut the mocks or their analysis.

    Week and datesSubjects and readingMocksRevision task
    Week 1: 19 to 25 OctoberConstitutional Law (fundamental rights, Articles 14, 19, 21, 32) and Jurisprudence (schools, precedent, rights and duties)1 full mock as a baseline, untimed analysisStart your error log and a one page sheet per subject
    Week 2: 26 October to 1 NovemberConstitutional Law (federalism, elections, emergency) and Administrative Law; submit the CLAT form by 31 October1 full mockRead 8 of the 2026 judgments on the reading list
    Week 3: 2 to 8 NovemberCriminal Law (BNS, BNSS, BSA and older IPC case law) and Family Law2 full mocksRevise weeks 1 and 2 sheets in one sitting
    Week 4: 9 to 15 NovemberContract, Torts and Property Law3 full mocksRead 8 more 2026 judgments
    Week 5: 16 to 22 NovemberCompany Law, Tax Law, Labour and Industrial Law3 full mocksRe-attempt every wrong question from the error log
    Week 6: 23 to 29 NovemberPublic International Law, Environmental Law, and legal current affairs from June to November3 full mocks, at 2:00 pm to match exam timeFinish the 2026 reading list; revise all sheets
    Week 7: 30 November to 5 DecemberNo new topics. Only one page sheets, error log and case list2 full mocks (Monday and Wednesday)Light revision on Friday and Saturday; sleep early

    That is 15 full mocks in total. If you have already taken many mocks, keep the number but raise the bar on analysis rather than adding more papers.

    A sample study day

    SlotTask
    Morning, 2 hoursCore subject of the week: concepts, provisions, leading cases
    Late morning, 1 hourTwo judgments from the reading list, with three line notes each
    Afternoon, 2 hoursMock or sectional passage practice, at the exam slot of 2:00 pm
    Evening, 1 hourMock analysis and error log; ten minutes on current legal news

    Need the mocks for this plan? The Lexfolio CLAT PG 2027 Mock Tests follow the 120 question, single section format, with passages drawn from judgments and statutes and an explanation for every answer.

    How to read a judgment for CLAT PG

    You are not reading to write a case comment. You are reading to answer four or five questions quickly and correctly. A simple method works for most passages:

    1. Find the question of law first. Look for words like “the issue before us”, “the question that arises” or “we are called upon to decide”. Underline it.
    2. Separate the voices. Judgments report the appellant’s case, the respondent’s case and then the court’s view. Many wrong answers come from picking an argument the court rejected. Mark each paragraph in the margin: A for appellant, R for respondent, C for court.
    3. Spot the provision and the precedent. Note every section, article and earlier case named. Questions on “which provision” or “which earlier decision” are common and quick to answer if you have marked them.
    4. Locate the holding and its limits. Words like “however”, “subject to”, “only where” usually mark the boundary of the rule. Options that drop these limits are often traps.
    5. Distinguish ratio from observation. A remark made in passing is not the ratio. If an option states a broad principle the court only mentioned, be careful.

    For your reading list, keep a three line note for each case: the issue, the holding with its limits, and the older case or provision it builds on. Our list of 30 important Supreme Court judgments of 2026 is set out in that format. Aim to finish it by the end of week 6.

    Building reading speed

    • Time yourself on one passage of about 400 to 500 words every day and note the time taken. Steady, timed practice is the surest way to bring reading time down.
    • Read the questions before the passage only if that suits you; test both methods in your first two mocks and keep the faster one.
    • Do not re-read whole paragraphs. Go back only to the line the question points to.

    Mock test strategy

    Take mocks like the real exam

    The exam starts at 2:00 pm, so from week 4 take your mocks at 2:00 pm. Sit at a desk, use a printed paper if you can, and keep the phone in another room. A mock taken half heartedly at night tells you little about your score in the afternoon.

    Analyse for twice as long as you test

    A two hour mock deserves about two hours of analysis, spread over the same evening and the next morning. Sort every wrong or skipped question into one of five types in your error log:

    Error typeWhat it meansFix
    Knowledge gapYou did not know the case or provisionAdd it to the subject sheet and revise within 48 hours
    MisreadingYou missed a “not”, “except” or a qualifierCircle negatives in the question stem every time
    Wrong voiceYou picked the losing party’s argumentUse the A, R, C margin marks
    Over inferenceYou chose an option broader than the text supportsAsk: does the passage actually say this?
    Time pressureYou guessed or skipped near the endFix your passage order and per passage time limit

    After five or six mocks, a pattern will show. Many candidates find they lose more marks to misreading and wrong voice errors than to gaps in knowledge, and these are the cheapest marks to recover.

    Attempt strategy and negative marking

    • Do a first pass of easy passages. Start with subjects you are strongest in. Leave a long or dense passage for the second pass rather than getting stuck.
    • Use the elimination rule. With four options and minus 0.25 per wrong answer, a pure guess has an expected value of zero. If you can eliminate one option with confidence, the odds turn slightly in your favour. If you can eliminate two, answer.
    • Keep ten minutes at the end to return to marked questions. Do not change answers unless you find a clear reason in the text.
    • Track accuracy, not only attempts. A rough target is accuracy above 80 per cent on attempted questions. If your accuracy drops below 70 per cent, attempt fewer questions in the next mock and read more carefully.

    Revision that sticks

    • One page per subject. By the end of week 6 you should have thirteen sheets, each with the key provisions, ten to fifteen leading cases and the year’s important rulings. In week 7 you revise only these, not textbooks.
    • Spaced repetition. Revise a sheet the day after you make it, again after a week and again in week 7. Three short revisions beat one long one.
    • Error log reattempts. In week 5 and again in week 7, try every wrong question from your log without looking at the answer.
    • Current affairs. Keep a short running list of legal developments by month. Our legal current affairs for October 2026 has practice questions you can add to it.

    The last 72 hours and exam day

    • Thursday 3 December: last light revision of all sheets; no mock.
    • Friday 4 December: case list and error log only. Download and print the admit card as soon as it is released, and check the test centre address and route.
    • Saturday 5 December: keep the admit card, a valid photo identity card and the items the Consortium permits ready. Stop studying by evening and sleep on time.
    • Sunday 6 December: eat a proper meal before leaving, reach the centre well before reporting time, and follow the attempt plan you tested in your mocks. Do not try a new strategy on the day.

    Mocks with every answer explained. CLAT PG 2027 Mock Tests give you full length papers in the exam format with answer keys and reasons, so you can run the analysis described above.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is 50 days enough to prepare for CLAT PG?

    It is enough to make a real difference if you already studied the core LL.B. subjects. Spend the time on passage practice, mocks and revision rather than on reading new textbooks.

    How many mocks should I take before CLAT PG 2027?

    About 15 full mocks in the last seven weeks is a good number, provided each is analysed properly. Fewer mocks with careful analysis are better than many mocks taken and forgotten.

    Which subjects should I prioritise?

    Start with Constitutional Law, because it overlaps with administrative, criminal and service law passages, and with whichever syllabus subjects you studied least during your LL.B. Do not skip Labour and Industrial Law, which is on the official CLAT 2027 list.

    Should I attempt all 120 questions?

    Only if your accuracy supports it. With negative marking, a careful attempt of fewer questions at high accuracy often scores more than attempting everything.

    *This article is general information, not legal advice.*

  • 30 Important Supreme Court Judgments of 2026 for CLAT PG

    30 Important Supreme Court Judgments of 2026 for CLAT PG

    Last updated: 18 October 2026

    Short answer: CLAT PG passages are extracts from judgments and statutes, and recent Supreme Court rulings are a favourite source. The 30 judgments below, delivered between January and mid October 2026, are the ones most worth reading for CLAT PG 2027 on 6 December 2026. They cover every subject on the official syllabus, from passive euthanasia and the Bihar electoral roll revision to strict liability, insider trading and the meaning of “industry”. Each entry gives the date, the bench, the holding and the angle from which a question is likely.

    Each ruling fits a syllabus subject and links to an older precedent. Dates, benches and citations were checked against reports of the judgments; where the exact date could not be confirmed, only the month is given.

    January to March 2026

    1. Gulfisha Fatima v. State (NCT of Delhi), 5 January 2026, Aravind Kumar and N.V. Anjaria JJ. In the UAPA “larger conspiracy” case arising from the 2020 Delhi riots, the Court refused bail to Umar Khalid and Sharjeel Imam, finding a prima facie central role, but granted conditional bail to five co-accused. Exam angle: the “prima facie true” bar in section 43D(5) UAPA, and how it sits with K.A. Najeeb (2021) on prolonged custody and Article 21.

    2. Kanchana Rai v. Geeta Sharma, 2026 INSC 54, January 2026, Pankaj Mithal and S.V.N. Bhatti JJ. A son’s widow is a “dependant” under section 21(vii) of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 whether she was widowed before or after her father-in-law died, and can claim maintenance from his estate under section 22. A narrower reading was called arbitrary under Article 14. Exam angle: sections 19, 21 and 22 HAMA.

    3. Centre for Public Interest Litigation v. Union of India, January 2026, B.V. Nagarathna and K.V. Viswanathan JJ. A split verdict on section 17A of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, which requires prior approval before any inquiry into a public servant’s official decisions. Justice Nagarathna struck it down under Article 14; Justice Viswanathan upheld it, provided approval turns on the recommendation of the Lokpal or Lokayukta. Exam angle: the 2018 amendment, and reference of a split verdict to a larger bench.

    4. Authority for Advance Rulings (Income Tax) v. Tiger Global International II Holdings, 15 January 2026, J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan JJ. Gains from the sale of Flipkart’s Singapore shares by Mauritius entities were held taxable in India. A tax residency certificate is not conclusive proof of treaty benefit, and the treaty’s grandfathering clause covers only direct transfers. Exam angle: treaty shopping, substance over form, and contrast with Azadi Bachao Andolan (2003).

    5. Dr. Jaya Thakur v. Government of India, 2026 INSC 97, 30 January 2026, J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan JJ. Menstrual health was held to be part of the right to life under Article 21 and the right to education under Article 21A, with Article 14 requiring affirmative steps to remove barriers. Schools must provide toilets and menstrual absorbents within three months. Exam angle: substantive equality and continuing mandamus.

    6. State of West Bengal v. Confederation of State Government Employees, 2026 INSC 123, 5 February 2026, Sanjay Karol and Prashant Kumar Mishra JJ. Dearness allowance, once payable under the service rules, is an enforceable right, and the State cannot plead lack of funds. A committee chaired by Justice Indu Malhotra (retd.) was set up to fix the payment schedule. Exam angle: the State as a model employer; livelihood under Article 21.

    7. Harish Rana v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 222, 11 March 2026, J.B. Pardiwala and K.V. Viswanathan JJ. Clinically assisted nutrition and hydration is medical treatment, not basic care, and may be withheld or withdrawn as passive euthanasia. The Court allowed withdrawal for a man in a persistent vegetative state for 13 years, applying the Common Cause guidelines. Exam angle: Aruna Shanbaug (2011), Common Cause (2018, modified 2023), and the right to die with dignity.

    8. Hamsaanandini Nanduri v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 246, 17 March 2026, J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan JJ. Section 60(4) of the Code on Social Security, 2020, which gave adoptive mothers maternity benefit only if the child was under three months old, was held to violate Article 14 and read down: every adoptive mother gets 12 weeks from the date the child is handed over. Exam angle: under-inclusive classification, reading down, and adoption as reproductive autonomy under Article 21.

    9. Chinthada Anand v. State of Andhra Pradesh, 2026 INSC 283, 24 March 2026, Prashant Kumar Mishra and Manmohan JJ. A person who professes Christianity cannot claim Scheduled Caste status or invoke the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, and a State certificate cannot override the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950. Exam angle: paragraph 3 of the 1950 Order and Article 341.

    April to June 2026

    10. In Re: Phalodi Accident v. National Highways Authority of India, 2026 INSC 388, 13 April 2026, J.K. Maheshwari and Atul S. Chandurkar JJ. Acting suo motu on 34 deaths in two 2025 highway accidents, the Court held commuter safety to be part of the right to live with dignity under Article 21 and issued interim directions under Article 142. Exam angle: positive obligations of the State.

    11. NagreeKa Indcon Products v. Cargocare Logistics (India), 2026 INSC 384, 17 April 2026, Sanjay Karol and N. Kotiswar Singh JJ. A clause saying disputes “can” be referred to arbitration only signals a possibility and is not a binding arbitration agreement. Exam angle: section 7 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and Jagdish Chander v. Ramesh Chander (2007).

    12. Gunjan v. State (NCT of Delhi), 2026 INSC 468, 11 May 2026, Prashant Kumar Mishra and N.V. Anjaria JJ. Caste abuse inside a purely private house, not accessible to the public, is not “within public view” under section 3(1)(r) and (s) of the SC/ST Act. Exam angle: the line drawn in Hitesh Verma v. State of Uttarakhand (2020).

    13. Padam Mehta v. State of Rajasthan, 2026 INSC 476, 12 May 2026, Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta JJ. Education in one’s mother tongue was held to flow from Article 19(1)(a), and Rajasthan was directed to frame a policy introducing Rajasthani in education. Exam angle: Article 350A and language rights.

    14. Pune Bar Association v. Union of India, 22 May 2026, Surya Kant CJI, Joymalya Bagchi and Vipul M. Pancholi JJ. The certificate requirement for electronic records in section 63(4) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, including hash value disclosure, is not manifestly arbitrary. A person with proven expertise in computer science or cyber forensics may sign the expert part. Exam angle: successor to section 65B and Arjun Panditrao Khotkar (2020).

    15. Association for Democratic Reforms v. Election Commission of India, 27 May 2026, Surya Kant CJI and Joymalya Bagchi J. The Special Intensive Revision of Bihar’s electoral rolls was upheld as traceable to section 21(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 read with Article 324. The Commission may examine citizenship only prima facie, for inclusion in the roll, and must refer doubtful cases to the authority under the Citizenship Act. Exam angle: Articles 324 and 326.

    16. State of Tamil Nadu v. Junglee Games India, 2026 INSC 594, 27 May 2026, J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan JJ. Even a game of skill, when played for stakes, is “betting” under Entry 34 of the State List, so States may prohibit it, and such betting has no protection under Article 19(1)(g). The contrary Madras and Karnataka High Court rulings were set aside. Exam angle: R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala (1957) and K.R. Lakshmanan (1996).

    17. Shishu Pal v. Surjeet, 2026 INSC 634, 11 June 2026, Sanjay Karol and N. Kotiswar Singh JJ. For a homemaker’s death in a road accident, the Court created a new head, “loss of domestic care”, at Rs 30,000 a month, rising 10 per cent every three years, and raised the award from Rs 8.43 lakh to Rs 62.78 lakh. Exam angle: valuing unpaid work after Kirti v. Oriental Insurance (2021).

    18. Maniyar Iliyaz v. P. Ayyappan, 2026 INSC 647, 19 June 2026, P.S. Narasimha and Atul S. Chandurkar JJ. While enhancing compensation for a child killed by a tanker on the way to school, the Court declared the right to walk on safe footpaths a fundamental right and held civic bodies under an enforceable duty to build and maintain them. Exam angle: expanding Article 21.

    Practise on the actual text. The Lexfolio CLAT PG 2027 Judgment Passages set turns key 2026 rulings into exam style extracts with question sets and explained answers, grouped by syllabus subject.

    July to mid October 2026

    19. Mahinder v. Puran Singh, 2026 INSC 698, 14 July 2026, Sanjay Karol and N. Kotiswar Singh JJ. The preferential right of co-heirs under section 22 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 applies to inherited agricultural land; Babu Ram (2019) was correctly decided and Parliament had competence under Entry 5 of the Concurrent List. Exam angle: distinguishing the pre-emption law struck down in Atam Prakash (1986).

    20. Sayara Khatoon v. State of Bihar, 23 July 2026, M.M. Sundresh and Prasanna B. Varale JJ. A policy allowing compassionate appointment only to divorced or deserted daughters, and excluding married daughters, violates Article 14; marriage does not sever a daughter’s tie with her family. Exam angle: gender based classification in service law.

    21. Vanashakti v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 761, 29 July 2026, Surya Kant CJI, Joymalya Bagchi and Vipul M. Pancholi JJ. Prior environmental clearance under the EIA Notification, 2006 remains the rule. The Union may create a narrow, time bound exception by delegated legislation under section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, so the one time 2017 Notification was upheld, but the 2021 office memorandum was quashed as a perpetual amnesty. Exam angle: Common Cause (2017) and Alembic Pharmaceuticals (2020).

    22. OTIS Elevator Co. (India) v. Rashmi Handa, 2026 INSC 756, 29 July 2026, P.S. Narasimha and Alok Aradhe JJ. Passenger lifts are common carriers owing a heightened duty of care, and a maintenance contractor that fails to fix known defects is liable for deficiency in service. Exam angle: standard of care in tort and consumer law.

    23. Lokesh B.H. v. State of Karnataka, 2026 INSC 784, 3 August 2026, Sanjay Karol and N. Kotiswar Singh JJ. Section 498A IPC can extend to a live-in relationship that has the attributes of marriage and an established intent to marry, with the Arnesh Kumar arrest safeguards applying. Exam angle: D. Velusamy (2010) on relationships “in the nature of marriage”, and sections 85 and 86 BNS.

    24. SEBI v. Rajeev Vasant Sheth, 2026 INSC 826, 11 August 2026, Sanjay Karol and N. Kotiswar Singh JJ. Once possession of unpublished price sensitive information and trading while it was current are shown, the purpose of the trade and the size of the profit are irrelevant. The defences in Regulation 4(1) of the insider trading regulations are not exhaustive, but new ones must be of a similar kind. Exam angle: SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015.

    25. Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation v. Rekha, 2026 INSC 847, 12 August 2026, Sanjay Karol and N. Kotiswar Singh JJ. Electricity authorities face strict, not absolute, liability for electrocution, disputed facts belong before the competent forum rather than a writ court. Exam angle: Rylands v. Fletcher, M.C. Mehta (1987) and M.P. Electricity Board v. Shail Kumar (2002).

    26. State of U.P. v. Jai Bir Singh, 2026 INSC 897, 20 August 2026, nine judge bench led by Surya Kant CJI. On the meaning of “industry”, the bench held that the triple test of Bangalore Water Supply (1978) continues to govern disputes pending under the now repealed Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, while the definition in the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 must be read on its own text. Exam angle: the most important labour law ruling of the year.

    27. Bhumika Trust v. Union of India, 2026 INSC 904, 21 August 2026, Surya Kant CJI, Augustine George Masih and K. Vinod Chandran JJ (2:1, Justice Chandran dissenting). The three year practice rule for civil judge recruitment set in May 2025 was relaxed: fresh law graduates may apply until 31 March 2027, and from 1 April 2027 one year of practice will be needed, with training and clerkship after selection. Exam angle: Article 234 and judicial service eligibility.

    28. Jaskaran Jeet Singh Deol v. State of Punjab, 2026 INSC 1022, 21 September 2026, Ujjal Bhuyan and Atul S. Chandurkar JJ. Where an accused is released because the arrest violated Article 22, re-arrest needs prior approval of the Magistrate, and a later charge sheet cannot validate an unconstitutional arrest. Exam angle: grounds of arrest after Pankaj Bansal (2023) and Prabir Purkayastha (2024).

    29. Mahanadi Coalfields v. GSCO Infrastructure, 2026 INSC 1038, 23 September 2026, Sanjay Kumar and Sanjeev Sachdeva JJ. Holding hearings at a place does not by itself make it the juridical seat of arbitration; seat and venue are different. Exam angle: BGS SGS Soma (2019).

    30. Just Rights for Children Alliance v. S. Harish, October 2026 (reported 17 October), J.B. Pardiwala and K. Vinod Chandran JJ. The right to access and use the internet was declared a fundamental right under Article 21 read with Article 19(1)(a), including for children, and blanket bans on children’s access were called disproportionate. The Union was directed to build a national database of hash values and URLs of child sexual exploitation and abuse material. Exam angle: Anuradha Bhasin (2020) and the 2024 ruling in the same case.

    Quick map: judgments by syllabus subject

    SubjectEntries
    Constitutional Law5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 18, 28, 30
    Administrative and Service Law6, 20, 27
    Criminal Law and Evidence1, 3, 12, 14, 23
    Family Law2, 19
    Contract and Arbitration11, 29
    Torts17, 22, 25
    Company, Tax and Labour Law4, 16, 24, 26
    Environmental Law21

    For each case, write one line on the issue, one on the holding and one on the older precedent it builds on, and revise the list once in November and once in the final week. Our last 50 days plan shows where to fit this in, and our October 2026 legal current affairs covers rulings after this list closes.

    Turn reading into marks. CLAT PG 2027 Judgment Passages gives you the 2026 rulings as timed passage sets, with the linked older precedents explained, in a printable PDF.

    Frequently asked questions

    Are recent judgments really asked in CLAT PG?

    The official syllabus says passages are extracts from court decisions, statutes and regulations, so recent rulings are a natural source, alongside older landmarks.

    What is the cut off date for judgments for CLAT PG 2027?

    There is no official cut off. Papers are usually set some weeks before the exam, so judgments up to about October 2026 are the realistic outer limit.

    *This article is general information, not legal advice.*

  • CLAT PG 2027: Exam Date, Pattern, Syllabus and Seats

    CLAT PG 2027: Exam Date, Pattern, Syllabus and Seats

    Last updated: 18 October 2026

    Short answer: CLAT 2027, which also decides admission to the one year LL.M. at the participating National Law Universities, will be held on Sunday, 6 December 2026, from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm (2:00 pm to 4:40 pm for PwD candidates). The PG paper has 120 objective questions in a single section, carries 1 mark per question with a deduction of 0.25 for each wrong answer, and is built on passages taken from judgments, statutes and regulations. Applications close on 31 October 2026 at 11:59 pm. You need an LL.B. with 50 per cent marks (45 per cent for SC, ST and PwD candidates), and final year students taking their exams in 2027 can apply. There is no upper age limit.

    This guide is built from the Consortium of National Law Universities’ own press release, PG eligibility, PG syllabus and PG instructions pages for CLAT 2027, the 2027 to 28 information brochures of individual NLUs, and the published recruitment advertisements of public sector undertakings. Where the official pages are silent, we say so rather than guess.

    CLAT PG 2027 at a glance

    ItemOfficial position for CLAT 2027
    Conducting bodyConsortium of National Law Universities (26 member NLUs participate)
    Exam date and timeSunday, 6 December 2026, 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm; PwD candidates 2:00 pm to 4:40 pm (subject to revision)
    ModeOffline, at notified test centres
    Application window3 August 2026 to 31 October 2026 (final submission by 11:59 pm)
    Application feeRs 4,000 for General, OBC and NRI candidates; Rs 3,500 for SC, ST, BPL and PwD candidates; online payment only, non refundable
    Previous years’ papersOptional, Rs 500 extra
    Admit cardRelease date to be announced on the Consortium website
    Questions and duration120 objective questions, 120 minutes, one section
    Marking+1 for a correct answer, minus 0.25 for a wrong answer
    Tie breakerHigher age first, then a computerised draw of lots

    The Consortium fixed the date and the application window at meetings of its Executive Committee and Governing Body on 18 July 2026, and announced them in a press release dated 22 July 2026. Some coaching websites carried a date of 7 December for a while; the official press release and the PG instructions page both say 6 December 2026.

    Eligibility for the LL.M. through CLAT 2027

    • Qualifying degree: an LL.B. degree or an equivalent examination.
    • Minimum marks: 50 per cent or an equivalent grade; 45 per cent or an equivalent grade for SC, ST and PwD candidates.
    • Final year students: candidates appearing in the qualifying examination in 2027 may apply, but must produce proof of passing at the time of admission, failing which they lose the right to be considered.
    • Age: no upper age limit for the PG programme.
    • Foreign nationals: not eligible to take CLAT. Foreign national seats are filled by each NLU directly, as described in its brochure. NRI and NRI sponsored seats are also not allotted by the Consortium.

    Exam pattern and how the questions are framed

    The PG paper is a single objective section of 120 questions to be answered in 120 minutes, which gives you one minute per question including reading time. According to the Consortium’s syllabus page, the questions are set on extracts from primary legal sources, such as a court decision, a statute or a regulation, with a set of questions following each extract. The questions test whether you can:

    1. identify the issues, arguments and viewpoints discussed in the passage;
    2. recognise related legal issues and facts, including those connected with the judgment or statute from which the extract is taken;
    3. summarise the passage; and
    4. apply your knowledge of the area of law that the passage deals with.

    In practice this means two skills are being tested at once: fast, accurate reading of judicial language, and a working knowledge of the leading cases and provisions in each subject, because many questions ask about a related case or provision that is not in the passage at all.

    What negative marking means for you

    With minus 0.25 per wrong answer, a blind guess among four options has an expected value of zero. If you can eliminate even one option with confidence, guessing between the remaining three has a small positive expected value. A sensible rule is to answer when you can rule out at least one option and to skip pure guesses, especially in the last ten minutes.

    Official syllabus: subjects covered

    The Consortium describes the PG paper as drawing on the mandatory subjects taught at the undergraduate level. The CLAT 2027 PG syllabus page lists these thirteen subjects:

    SubjectTypical passage source
    Constitutional LawSupreme Court judgments on fundamental rights, federalism, elections
    JurisprudenceTheories of law, rights and duties, precedent, judicial reasoning
    Administrative LawNatural justice, delegated legislation, judicial review of action
    Law of ContractIndian Contract Act, 1872, Specific Relief Act, arbitration clauses
    TortsNegligence, strict and absolute liability, consumer cases
    Family LawHindu and Muslim personal law, maintenance, succession
    Criminal LawBNS, BNSS and BSA, plus older IPC and CrPC judgments
    Property LawTransfer of Property Act, 1882, easements, land laws
    Company LawCompanies Act, 2013, insolvency, securities regulation
    Public International LawTreaties, State responsibility, law of the sea, human rights
    Tax LawIncome tax, GST, tax treaties
    Environmental LawEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986, clearances, the NGT
    Labour and Industrial LawLabour codes, industrial disputes, service jurisprudence

    The right hand column is our own guide to where passages usually come from, not part of the official syllabus. Note that some unofficial lists online add Intellectual Property Rights and leave out Labour and Industrial Law. The official CLAT 2027 list does the opposite, so give labour law proper time.

    Preparing on a tight timeline? The Lexfolio exam packs bring together subject notes mapped to the official CLAT PG syllabus, passage based practice sets and full length mocks in the 120 question format.

    How to apply before 31 October 2026

    1. Register on the CLAT 2027 page of consortiumofnlus.ac.in with your own mobile number and e-mail address. An OTP sent to the mobile number validates the registration.
    2. Log in with the mobile number and password, choose the PG programme and fill in your details, test centre preferences and NLU preferences.
    3. Upload the required documents. If you claim a reservation, keep the certificate ready: originals have to be produced at the allotted university at admission.
    4. Pay the fee online. Bank transaction charges shown on the payment gateway are borne by the candidate.
    5. Submit before 11:59 pm on 31 October 2026 and save the confirmation. Do not leave payment for the last evening, when portals tend to slow down.

    The Consortium has said that seat allotment and admission offers are provisional and do not by themselves create a right to admission, and that it may cancel a test city or centre and shift candidates to another.

    LL.M. seats at NLUs: sample intake for 2027 to 28

    The Consortium does not publish a single all India seat figure on its PG pages. Intake, reservation and specialisations are set out in each NLU’s information brochure, and NLUs may change seat numbers and their break up. The table below gives the LL.M. intake stated in four brochures published for CLAT 2027.

    NLULL.M. intake stated in the CLAT 2027 brochureNotes
    NLSIU Bengaluru120 seats for 2027 to 28Includes horizontal reservation of 30 seats for Karnataka students, 36 for women and 6 for PwD candidates
    GNLU Gandhinagar68 seatsAcross corporate, constitutional, criminal and IP specialisations; GNLU Silvassa lists a further 33 seats allotted through CLAT
    NALSAR Hyderabad66 seats50 All India and 16 for Telangana residents
    RMLNLU Lucknow48 seats plus 7 supernumeraryReserved seats are for Uttar Pradesh domiciled SC, ST, OBC and EWS candidates

    Read the brochure of every NLU you list as a preference. Domicile reservation, specialisation wise allocation and fees differ widely. NLSIU’s brochure, for example, states a total LL.M. fee of Rs 5,99,000 for the General category, subject to approval by its governing bodies.

    PSUs that recruit through CLAT PG scores

    Several central public sector undertakings shortlist law officers on the basis of CLAT PG marks, followed by a group discussion or interview. There is no fixed official list: each PSU decides every year and issues its own advertisement, usually around the CLAT application window, asking for the CLAT roll number. The table shows the recruitments we could confirm for the last cycle (CLAT 2026).

    PSU and postKey terms in the CLAT 2026 cycle
    POWERGRID: Officer Trainee (Law), Advt. CC/06/2025 dated 23 October 20257 posts; full time LL.B. with 60 per cent (45 per cent for SC, ST and PwBD); upper age 28 as on 5 December 2025; weightage of CLAT 2026 PG marks 85 per cent, group discussion 3 per cent, interview 12 per cent; earlier CLAT results not valid
    NTPC: Assistant Law Officer, advertised January 20266 posts; full time LL.B. with 60 per cent (55 per cent for SC and PwBD); upper age 30; only CLAT 2026 PG scores accepted; last date 16 January 2026

    Other PSUs have used CLAT PG scores in earlier years, but past use does not guarantee a vacancy this year. Track the careers pages of the major Maharatna and Navratna companies from November onwards, and note the age and LL.B. percentage conditions, which are often stricter than CLAT’s own eligibility. POWERGRID’s advertisement, for instance, required a minimum CLAT score of 40 per cent for unreserved and 30 per cent for reserved vacancies where CLAT itself sets none.

    One caution: in September 2025 a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court set aside a National Highways Authority of India notification that made CLAT PG scores the basis for recruiting lawyers, calling the criterion arbitrary. PSU recruitment through CLAT therefore remains open to legal challenge where the score bears no clear link to the job.

    What to do with the weeks left

    • Finish the application first. Everything else waits until the form is submitted and the fee is paid.
    • Build a list of 50 to 60 leading judgments across the thirteen subjects and read the key paragraphs, not headnotes. Our list of important Supreme Court judgments for CLAT PG 2027 is a starting point for 2026.
    • Take at least eight timed mocks before the exam and review every wrong answer. Our last 50 days strategy sets out a week by week plan.
    • Keep up with legal news, since recent judgments often appear as passages. See our monthly legal current affairs for October 2026.

    One place for the whole syllabus. Browse the Lexfolio exam packs for CLAT PG 2027: subject wise notes, judgment passages with questions, and timed mocks with explained answers, in printable PDF.

    Frequently asked questions

    When is CLAT PG 2027?

    On Sunday, 6 December 2026, from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm. PwD candidates get time until 4:40 pm. The Consortium has said the timing is subject to revision, so check the website before the exam.

    What is the last date to apply for CLAT 2027?

    31 October 2026, with final submission allowed until 11:59 pm.

    How many questions are there in CLAT PG and is there negative marking?

    There are 120 objective questions in one section, to be answered in 120 minutes. Each correct answer earns 1 mark and each wrong answer costs 0.25 marks.

    Can final year LL.B. students take CLAT PG 2027?

    Yes. Candidates appearing in the qualifying examination in 2027 may apply, but they must show proof of passing with the required percentage at the time of admission.

    Is CLAT PG 2027 computer based?

    No. The Consortium’s PG instructions state that the examination will be held in offline mode at notified test centres.

    Which PSUs will recruit through CLAT PG 2027?

    That will be known only when each PSU issues its advertisement. In the CLAT 2026 cycle, POWERGRID and NTPC advertised law officer posts based on CLAT 2026 PG scores. Check the careers pages of PSUs regularly from November.

    *This article is general information, not legal advice.*